The four forces of flight

There are four forces that act on aircraft: lift, weight, thrust, and drag.

・Lift: a force generated by wings that holds an airplane in the air

・Weight: a force caused by gravity that pulls an airplane down

・Thrust: a force generated by propellers or jet engines that moves an airplane forward

・Drag: a force caused by air friction holding an airplane back.

Lift opposes weight and thrust opposes drag. If lift is greater than weight, the airplane moves upwards. If thrust is greater than drag, the airplane moves forwards. Lift depends on thrust. Therefore, without thrust, the airplane cannot maintain lift.


揚力ようりょく重力じゅうりょく推力すいりょく抗力こうりょくの4つのちから飛行機ひこうき作用さようします。

・揚力:主翼しゅよくによってされる、飛行機を空中くうちゅうかびがらせる力

・重力:重力による、飛行機をろす力

・推力:プロペラやジェットエンジンによって生み出される、飛行機を前進ぜんしんさせる力

・抗力:空気抵抗くうきていこうによってしょうじる、飛行機をもどす力

揚力は重力に対抗たいこうし、推力は抗力に対抗します。揚力のほうが重力よりおおきい場合ばあい、飛行機は上昇じょうしょうします。推力が抗力より大きい場合、飛行機は前進します。揚力は推力に依存いぞんしています。そのため、推力がなければ、飛行機は揚力を維持いじすることができません。

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Airfoil

The cross-sectional shape of an airplane wing is called an airfoil. It is curved, and has a rounded leading edge and a sharp trailing edge. Due to the airfoil, air passes above the wing faster than air passing below. Faster-moving air has a lower pressure than slower-moving air. This difference in pressure generates lift, forcing the wing upward.

The amount of lift changes depending on the angle of attack. The angle of attack refers to the angle between the chord line (imaginary straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges) of the airfoil and the direction of the airflow. As the angle increases, the lift also increases.


飛行機ひこうき主翼しゅよく断面だんめん形状けいじょう翼型よくがたばれます。それは湾曲わんきょくしていて、前縁ぜんえんまるみがあり、後縁こうえんはとがっています。翼型によって、主翼のうえとお空気くうきは、したを通る空気よりもはやながれます。ながれのはやい空気のほうが、流れのおそい空気よりも圧力あつりょくひくくなります。この圧力のから揚力ようりょく発生はっせい、主翼を上へとげます。

揚力のおおきさは、むかかくによってわります。迎え角は、翼型の翼弦線よくげんせん(前縁と後縁を結ぶ想像上の直線)と気流きりゅうきとのあいだ角度かくどのことです。その角度がおおきいほど、揚力もおおきくなります。

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Sensu (Folding fan)

Sensu is a hand-held folding fan. The ribs are made of bamboo or sandalwood, and covered with paper or silk. Since it is foldable, it is easy to carry.

When it is folded up, it looks like a stick. When it is opened, it expands large enough to fan oneself. The shape of sensu is considered auspicious because it broadens out towards the end. This shape is associated with spreading prosperity.

Sensu, like uchiwa, is used to fan oneself to keep cool. However, unlike uchiwa, it is used on formal occasions, such as a tea ceremony. It is also an essential prop used by rakugo performers, and traditional Japanese dancers of noh and kabuki.

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Uchiwa (Fan)

Uchiwa is a traditional Japanese fan. It is round and has a long handle. The frame is made of bamboo or plastic, and covered with paper.

Uchiwa is used for fanning oneself to keep cool in summer. It is used for fanning other things, too. For example, when making sushi, it is useful for cooling and removing the moisture from the rice.

Uchiwa are so commonly used that many businesses use them as an advertisement medium. They distribute uchiwa with their names on them for free in the streets, or at festival venues.

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Soba

Soba are noodles made of buckwheat and wheat flour. They are served either hot in a seasoned dashi broth or cold with a soy sauce-based dipping sauce.

Hot soba are topped with various ingredients such as green onions, tempura, a raw egg, and deep-fried tofu. Cold soba sometimes come with dried shredded seaweed, a raw quail egg, and wasabi.

Japanese people eat soba on New Year’s Eve, hoping for good health and longevity for the coming year. Soba are believed to symbolize longevity because of their long shape.

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Udon

Udon are thick, springy noodles made of wheat flour. They are often served in a hot soy sauce-seasoned dashi broth. Typical dashi broth is made from water, dried kelp, and bonito flakes.

There are a variety of toppings for udon: deep-fried tofu, green onions, kelp, an egg, tempura, processed fish paste, and so on. One of the most popular toppings is sweetened deep-fried tofu.

Udon are very popular among people of all ages and widely available at restaurants in Japan.

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Car suspension

The suspension of a car enables it to drive smoothly on the road. This system absorbs bumps and jolts caused from driving on rough road surfaces and maintains driving stability. A suspension system mainly consists of a coil spring, a shock absorber, and control arms.

Coil spring: This supports the car body and keeps the tire in firm contact with the road surface.

Shock absorber: This reduces the bouncing movement of the spring and provides a comfortable ride.

Control arms: These connect the car body to the wheel and keep the wheel upright.


サスペンションにより、くるま道路どうろをスムーズに走行そうこうすることができます。この装置そうちは、でこぼこのある路面ろめん走行そうこうにより発生はっせいするれや衝撃しょうげき吸収きゅうしゅうし、走行安定性そうこうあんていせい維持いじします。サスペンションはおもコイルスプリングショックアブソーバーコントロールアーム構成こうせいされます。

コイルスプリング:車体しゃたいささえ、タイヤを路面にしっかり接地せっちさせます。

ショックアブソーバー:スプリングのはずうごきをおさえ、心地ごこちをよくします。

コントロールアーム:車体を車輪しゃりんにつなぎ、車輪がまっすぐうえくように保持ほじします。

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Screw anchors

Screw anchors are used to fix objects to walls where screws do not work effectively. A common type of screw anchor, which is used for plasterboard walls (drywalls), is called a drywall anchor. It is a plastic tube.

A drywall anchor    is inserted in a predrilled hole in the wall, and then a screw is set in it. As the screw is driven into the anchor, the anchor expands inside of the wall, and it is secured to the wall.

*drywall anchor (AmE) = wall plug (BrE)


アンカーボルトは、ネジがかないかべもの固定こていするために使つかわれます。石膏せっこうボードに使われる一般的いっぱんてきなアンカーボルトは、ボードアンカーばれます。それはプラスチックでできたチューブです。

まえもってあけておいた壁のあなボードアンカーみ、ネジをそのなかれます。ネジがアンカーにねじまれるにつれて、アンカーが壁の中でひろがり、壁に固定こていされます。

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Screws

Screws have screw heads and threaded shafts. You can tighten or loosen them with a screwdriver. When a screw is driven into a material, it generates friction between the thread and the material around it. This prevents the screw from sliding.

<Types of screws>

Flat head screws and round head screws: These are bolts with heads. There are slot head screws and Phillips screws.

Bolts: These are screwed into nuts or threaded holes.

Machine screws: These are small bolts.

Set screws: These are screws that have no heads.


ネジは、ネジあたまとネジやまられたじくからできています。ドライバー使つかってネジをめたりゆるめたりすることができます。ネジがものにねじまれると、ネジ山とそのまわりの物とのあいだ摩擦まさつ発生はっせいし、ネジがけるのをふせぎます。

<ネジの種類しゅるい

さらネジ丸頭まるあたまネジ:これらはネジあたまいたネジです。マイナスネジプラスネジがあります。

ボルト:ナットまたはネジ山が切られたあなにねじんで使つかいます。

ネジ(ビス): ちいさなボルトです。

めネジ(イモネジ):ネジ頭のないネジです。

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Origami

Origami is a traditional Japanese papercraft. A square piece of paper is folded into various shapes. One of the most popular origami is cranes.

One thousand origami cranes strung together on strings are called senbazuru. Cranes are a symbol of longevity and good luck. Therefore, it is believed that if you fold one thousand origami cranes, your wish will come true. They are also made for others as a prayer for their recovery from illness.

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Furin (Wind chime)

In summer, you can see wind chimes hanging from the eaves of houses here and there. A wind chime consists of a bell made of glass, metal, or ceramic; a clapper; and a strip of paper.

You can enjoy the soothing sound it produces when the wind blows. You can notice the wind through the sound of the chime, which evokes a feeling of coolness.

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Ryokucha (Green tea)

Ryokucha or green tea is Japanese tea. Japanese people drink it very often. We drink it before, during, and after meals; and many more times during the day.

The tea leaves of green tea are the same as those of black tea. The biggest difference is that green tea leaves are unfermented, while black tea leaves are fermented.

There are different types of green tea. The most popular green tea is called sencha. Powdered green tea is called matcha. Roasted green tea is called hojicha.

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